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  • 按 ctrl+V 不能贴贴,ctrl+C 能复制
  • 选中文字后按 Backspace 不是删除,而是选定行往后继续+1
  • 原因:Pycharm 启动了 Vim 编辑模式
  • 解决方式:Tools -Vim Emulator 关闭就行了
  • 字典中,用变量名。get(key1) 和 变量名 [key1] 的区别
  • 变量名。get(key1) 如果没有给 0 值
  • 变量名 [key1] 没有则抛出 KeyError 异常
Python阅读需 1 分钟

prometheus 监控 ,用gunicorn启动时。多进程内存不互通导致数据有问题。

参考

gunicorn启动方案

  • 安装prometheus_client pip install prometheus_client

  • 复制这个文件到你的项目中 vim monitoring.py

#!/usr/bin/python3    
# encoding: utf-8
# @Time : 2019/8/2 16:29
# @author : zza
# @Email : 740713651@qq.com
# @File : monitoring.py
"""
FROM https://github.com/ITISFoundation/osparc-simcore/blob/3e80ce451352c906f2876113dbb6ae33e8574be1/packages/service-library/src/servicelib/monitoring.py
&& https://github.com/ITISFoundation/osparc-simcore/blob/3e80ce451352c906f2876113dbb6ae33e8574be1/packages/service-library/src/servicelib/monitoring.py
"""
import time

from flask import request, current_app, Response
from prometheus_client import Counter, Histogram
from prometheus_client import multiprocess
from prometheus_client import generate_latest, CollectorRegistry, CONTENT_TYPE_LATEST, Gauge

# Example gauge.
IN_PROGRESS = Gauge("inprogress_requests", "help", multiprocess_mode='livesum')


# Expose metrics.
@IN_PROGRESS.track_inprogress()
def app(environ, start_response):
registry = CollectorRegistry()
multiprocess.MultiProcessCollector(registry)
data = generate_latest(registry)
status = '200 OK'
response_headers = [
('Content-type', CONTENT_TYPE_LATEST),
('Content-Length', str(len(data)))
]
start_response(status, response_headers)
return iter([data])


def setup_monitoring(app, app_name=None):
if app_name is None:
app_name = app.name

def start_timer():
request.start_time = time.time()
current_app.extensions["prometheus"]['REQUEST_IN_PROGRESS'].labels(
app_name, request.endpoint, request.method).inc()

def record_request_data(response):
resp_time = time.time() - request.start_time
endpoint = request.endpoint
ext_prometheus = current_app.extensions["prometheus"]
ext_prometheus['REQUEST_LATENCY'].labels(app_name, endpoint).observe(resp_time)
ext_prometheus['REQUEST_IN_PROGRESS'].labels(app_name, endpoint, request.method).dec()
ext_prometheus['REQUEST_COUNT'].labels(app_name, request.method, endpoint, response.status).inc()
return response

app.before_request(start_timer)
app.after_request(record_request_data)

extensions_prometheus = dict()
extensions_prometheus['app_name'] = app_name
extensions_prometheus['REQUEST_COUNT'] = Counter(
'http_requests_total', 'Total Request Count',
['app_name', 'method', 'endpoint', 'http_status']
)

# Latency of a request in seconds
extensions_prometheus['REQUEST_LATENCY'] = Histogram(
'http_request_latency_seconds', 'Request latency',
['app_name', 'endpoint']
)

extensions_prometheus['REQUEST_IN_PROGRESS'] = Gauge(
'http_requests_in_progress_total', 'Requests in progress',
['app_name', 'endpoint', 'method']
)

app.extensions["prometheus"] = extensions_prometheus

@app.route("/metrics")
def metrics():
registry = CollectorRegistry()
multiprocess.MultiProcessCollector(registry)
data = generate_latest(registry)
return Response(data, mimetype=CONTENT_TYPE_LATEST)

  • 在你代码中 导入文件并初始化
# from flask import Flask    
# app = Flask(__name__)
from persistd.monitoring import setup_monitoring
setup_monitoring(app, "app_name")
  • 设置Gunicom配置文件 vim gunicorn.conf.py
from prometheus_client import multiprocess    
def child_exit(server, worker):
multiprocess.mark_process_dead(worker.pid)
  • 启动Gunicom时 增加参数指向配置文件 -c gunicorn.conf.py

  • 设置环境变量:需要一个临时文件夹,且环境变量prometheus_multiproc_dir指向该文件夹(注意启动用户读写权限), 该文件夹用于存放prometheus数据。

rm -rf multiproc-tmp    
mkdir multiproc-tmp
export prometheus_multiproc_dir=multiproc-tmp
gunicorn -c gunicorn_conf.py -w 4 yourapp:app

附一个 asyncio 的 monitoring.py

#!/usr/bin/python3    
# encoding: utf-8
# @Time : 2019/9/5 16:36
# @author : zza
# @File : monitoring.py
"""
FROM:
https://github.com/cloud-cds/cds-stack/blob/4243cd9b2e878f16a251d05afb2d202d71e41dce/api/monitoring.py
https://github.com/DD-DeCaF/gene-to-reactions/blob/3af42110433edf8495810e6a95a516368464e179/src/gene_to_reactions/app.py

setup_monitoring(app, "app_name")
"""
import time
import asyncio
from aiohttp import web
from prometheus_client import multiprocess, generate_latest
from prometheus_client import CONTENT_TYPE_LATEST, CollectorRegistry, Histogram, Counter, Gauge


def prom_middleware(app_name):
@asyncio.coroutine
def factory(app, handler):
@asyncio.coroutine
def middleware_handler(request):
try:
request['start_time'] = time.time()
request.app['REQUEST_IN_PROGRESS'].labels(
app_name, request.path, request.method).inc()
response = yield from handler(request)
resp_time = time.time() - request['start_time']
request.app['REQUEST_LATENCY'].labels(app_name, request.path).observe(resp_time)
request.app['REQUEST_IN_PROGRESS'].labels(app_name, request.path, request.method).dec()
request.app['REQUEST_COUNT'].labels(
app_name, request.method, request.path, response.status).inc()
return response
except Exception as ex:
raise

return middleware_handler

return factory


async def metrics(request):
resp = web.Response(body=generate_latest(multiprocess.MultiProcessCollector(CollectorRegistry())))
resp.content_type = CONTENT_TYPE_LATEST
return resp


def setup_monitoring(app, app_name):
app['REQUEST_COUNT'] = Counter(
'requests_total', 'Total Request Count',
['app_name', 'method', 'endpoint', 'http_status']
)
app['REQUEST_LATENCY'] = Histogram(
'request_latency_seconds', 'Request latency',
['app_name', 'endpoint']
)

app['REQUEST_IN_PROGRESS'] = Gauge(
'requests_in_progress_total', 'Requests in progress',
['app_name', 'endpoint', 'method']
)

app.middlewares.insert(0, prom_middleware(app_name))
app.router.add_get("/metrics", metrics)
Python阅读需 2 分钟

  • 跑程序的时候发现 _id 相同冲突
  • 程序中 mongo_id 的生成有 timestamp 决定
  • 于是测试:
import time    
for i in range(20):
print(time.time())

a = time.time()
for i in range(10**8):
time.time()
print(time.time() - a)

结果:

1546937536.8363261    
1546937536.8363261
1546937536.8363261
1546937536.8363261
1546937536.8372946
1546937536.8372946
1546937536.8372946
1546937536.8372946
1546937536.8372946
1546937536.8372946
1546937536.8372946
1546937536.8372946
1546937536.8372946
1546937536.8372946
1546937536.8372946
1546937536.8372946
1546937536.8372946
1546937536.8372946
1546937536.8372946
1546937536.8372946
9.680140972137451
  • emmm 经过与同事的机器的对比 短时间内

  • Windows 上时间戳是相同

  • mac 不同

  • 似乎是系统 bug

  • 各位要用时间戳做 id 的同学注意下

  • 注意

  • 1546937536.8363261

  • 1546937536.8372946

  • 时间不是连续的

  • time 的精度不同

Python阅读需 1 分钟

要求

  • 一亿数据 10*8
  • 测试用 5w 数据
  • 预测时间为 结果时间* 2000

设计思路

  • 程序执行 20 遍求平均值
  • 结束时间 - 开始时间
  • 不同 python 引擎
  • 不同数据量 然后 commit 提交 响应速度

数据库连接工具

  • MySQL-Python
  • pymysql
  • [X ] MySQL-Connector

代码

    #!/usr/bin/python3    
# encoding: utf-8
# @Time : 2018/7/14 0014 16:12
# @author : zza
# @Email : 740713651@qq.com
import time

from flask import Flask
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy

db = SQLAlchemy()

class Student(db.Model):
__tablename__ = "stu"
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True, nullable=True)
name_ = db.Column(db.String(127))
age = db.Column(db.Integer)
class_num = db.Column(db.Integer)

def init(param):
class sqlalchemy(SQLAlchemy):

def __del__(self):
print("数据库关闭")
db.session.close_all()

app = Flask(__name__)
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = param + "?charset=utf8&autocommit=False"
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS'] = True
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_POOL_SIZE'] = 128
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_POOL_TIMEOUT'] = 60
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_POOL_RECYCLE'] = 30
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_MAX_OVERFLOW'] = 128
# app.config['SQLALCHEMY_ECHO'] = True
global db
db = sqlalchemy(app)

def finish():
db.session.query(Student).delete()
db.session.commit()

def time_me(fn):
def _wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
average = 0
i1 = 30
seconds = 0
for i in range(i1):
start = time.time()
fn(*args, **kwargs)
seconds = time.time() - start
average += seconds
finish()
print(u"{func}函数写入耗时{sec}秒".format(func=fn.__name__, sec=seconds))
# print(u"{func}函数每{count}条数数据写入耗时{sec}秒".format(func=fn.__name__, count=args[0], sec=seconds))
# finish()
return seconds, args

return _wrapper

@time_me
def insert_many():
# 插入诗句
all = 5 * 10 ** 4
inner = 1000
out = int(all / inner)
for i in range(out):
for c in range(inner):
db.session.add(Student(name_='test mysql insert', age=30, class_num=30))
db.session.commit()

######
@time_me
def insert_many_by_sql():
all = 5 * 10 ** 4
inner = 1000
out = int(all / inner)
with db.session.connection() as con:
for i in range(out):
for c in range(inner):
con.execute(
"INSERT INTO stu ( id ,name_, age, class_num) VALUES (null ,{}, {},{})".format(
"'test2mysql3insert'",
30, 30))
db.session.commit()

def main2():
"""测试 sql 语句与 orm 框架 谁快 包括数据组装"""
init("mysql+pymysql://root:root@192.168.14.147:3306/efficiency_test")
print("orm 框架插入数据")
# iinsert_many 函数每 500 条数数据写入耗时 19.671629905700684 秒
insert_many()
print("sql 语句插入数据")
# insert_many_by_sql 函数每 500 条数数据写入耗时 17.977628707885742 秒
insert_many_by_sql()
pass

def main():
print('测试开始')
# insert_many 函数写入耗时 168.07286262512207 秒
init("mysql+mysqlconnector://root:root@192.168.14.147:3306/efficiency_test")
insert_many()

# insert_many 函数写入耗时 64.85304117202759 秒
init("mysql://root:root@192.168.14.147:3306/efficiency_test") # 默认使用 MySQLdb
insert_many()

# insert_many 函数写入耗时 64.692676067352295 秒
init("mysql+pymysql://root:root@192.168.14.147:3306/efficiency_test")
insert_many()

# insert_many 函数写入耗时 66.991496086120605 秒
init("mysql+mysqldb://root:root@192.168.14.147:3306/efficiency_test")
insert_many()

if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
main2()

Python阅读需 2 分钟

sql 大概是这个样子

select booking_id from booking where concat(num, ',' , name) in ('1,name1', '2,name2', '3,name3')

用sqlalchemy 实现

_list_data = ['1,name1', '2,name2', '3,name3']    
session.query(Booking.booking_id).filter(Booking.num.concat(",").concat(Booking.name).notin_(_list_data))

Python阅读需 1 分钟

  • windows cmd 下 找到 python 与 pip 文件存放地址
λ  where.exe python    
D:\Python36\python.exe

λ where.exe pip
D:\Python36\Scripts\pip.exe
  • windows 自带 ubuntu 下 (Windows 系统盘符存在/mnt/中)
:~$ sudo ln -s /mnt/d/Python36/Scripts/pip.exe /usr/bin/wpip    
:~$ sudo ln -s /mnt/d/Python36/python.exe /usr/bin/wpython
Python阅读需 1 分钟

执行

在IPython console里先cd到test.py所在的文件夹,再run test.py。注意使用的是命令run 而不是命令python。

debug

栗子:

debugfile('/home/1/tensor2tensor/tensor2tensor/bin/t2t-datagen', args='--problem=image_mnist --data_dir=~/t2t_data --tmp_dir=~/t2t_data/tmp',wdir='/home/1/tensor2tensor/tensor2tensor/bin')    
  • ipython下
cd /home    
pwd
ls
help(runfile)
Help on function runfile in module _pydev_bundle.pydev_umd:
runfile(filename, args=None, wdir=None, is_module=False, global_vars=None)
Run filename
args: command line arguments (string)
wdir: working directory
run test.py

更多资料

Python阅读需 1 分钟

下载地址

error: command 'C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Microsoft Visual Studio 14.0\\VC\\BIN\\cl.exe' failed with exit status 2
  • 注意安装目录不能有中文
  • 版本对应 python 版本
  • 命令为:pip install *.whl
Python阅读需 1 分钟

pycharm The repository located at pypi.douban.com is not a trusted or secure

首先在 window 的文件夹窗口输入 : %APPDATA%

image.png

然后在底下新建 pip 文件夹,然后到 pip 文件夹里面去新建个 pip.ini, 然后再里面输入内容 [global] timeout = 6000 index-url = http://pypi.douban.com/simple trusted-host = pypi.douban.com

image.png

作者:摘星辰 Li 链接:https://www.zhihu.com/question/38341743/answer/128985546 来源:知乎

Python阅读需 1 分钟

配置信息

  • python3 3.6
  • Flask-SQLAlchemy 2.3.2
  • win10

报错

-----> [2018-07-16 17:22:42,041] [ERROR] [base.py<131>-base.run_job]: Job "auto_rollback.<locals>.wrapper (trigger: interval[0:30:00], next run at: 2018-07-16 17:52:42 CST)" raised an exception    
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py", line 1193, in _execute_context
context)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/default.py", line 507, in do_execute
cursor.execute(statement, parameters)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/MySQLdb/cursors.py", line 250, in execute
self.errorhandler(self, exc, value)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/MySQLdb/connections.py", line 50, in defaulterrorhandler
raise errorvalue
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/MySQLdb/cursors.py", line 247, in execute
res = self._query(query)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/MySQLdb/cursors.py", line 411, in _query
rowcount = self._do_query(q)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/MySQLdb/cursors.py", line 374, in _do_query
db.query(q)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/MySQLdb/connections.py", line 277, in query
_mysql.connection.query(self, query)
_mysql_exceptions.OperationalError: (2006, 'MySQL server has gone away')

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/apscheduler/executors/base.py", line 125, in run_job
retval = job.func(*job.args, **job.kwargs)
File "/home/zza/eth_crawler/crawler_script/utils.py", line 28, in wrapper
raise err
File "/home/zza/eth_crawler/crawler_script/utils.py", line 24, in wrapper
return func(*args, **kwargs)
File "/home/zza/eth_crawler/crawler_script/token_tracker.py", line 240, in update
db_address = db.session.query(Token.contract_address).filter(None == Token.total_supply).all()
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py", line 2773, in all
return list(self)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py", line 2925, in __iter__
return self._execute_and_instances(context)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py", line 2948, in _execute_and_instances
result = conn.execute(querycontext.statement, self._params)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py", line 948, in execute
return meth(self, multiparams, params)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/elements.py", line 269, in _execute_on_connection
return connection._execute_clauseelement(self, multiparams, params)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py", line 1060, in _execute_clauseelement
compiled_sql, distilled_params
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py", line 1200, in _execute_context
context)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py", line 1413, in _handle_dbapi_exception
exc_info
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/compat.py", line 203, in raise_from_cause
reraise(type(exception), exception, tb=exc_tb, cause=cause)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/compat.py", line 186, in reraise
raise value.with_traceback(tb)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py", line 1193, in _execute_context
context)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/default.py", line 507, in do_execute
cursor.execute(statement, parameters)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/MySQLdb/cursors.py", line 250, in execute
self.errorhandler(self, exc, value)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/MySQLdb/connections.py", line 50, in defaulterrorhandler
raise errorvalue
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/MySQLdb/cursors.py", line 247, in execute
res = self._query(query)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/MySQLdb/cursors.py", line 411, in _query
rowcount = self._do_query(q)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/MySQLdb/cursors.py", line 374, in _do_query
db.query(q)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/MySQLdb/connections.py", line 277, in query
_mysql.connection.query(self, query)
sqlalchemy.exc.OperationalError: (_mysql_exceptions.OperationalError) (2006, 'MySQL server has gone away') [SQL: 'SELECT token.contract_address AS token_contract_address \nFROM token \nWHERE token.total_supply IS NULL'] (Background on this error at: http://sqlalche.me/e/e3q8)

已使用解决方案

出错后需要 rollback,为了后续程序能运行,给每个涉及 sql 语句的函数用了装饰器

def auto_rollback(func):    
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
try:
return func(*args, **kwargs)
except Exception as err:
db.session.rollback()
log.error(err)
raise err

return wrapper
  • 治标不治本系列

把 SQLALCHEMY_POOL_RECYCLE 设成一个较小的数

app.config['SQLALCHEMY_POOL_SIZE'] = 128  # 线程池大小    
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_POOL_TIMEOUT'] = 90 # 超时时间
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_POOL_RECYCLE'] = 3 # 空闲连接自动回收时间
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_MAX_OVERFLOW'] = 128 # 控制在连接池达到最大值后可以创建的连接数。

根据错误日志 在需要用数据库的地方先断开连接

db.session.remove()    
  • 失败

将单独的 sql 语句改成 nopool 连接方式

class nullpool_SQLAlchemy(SQLAlchemy):    
def apply_driver_hacks(self, app, info, options):
super(nullpool_SQLAlchemy, self).apply_driver_hacks(app, info, options)
from sqlalchemy.pool import NullPool
options['poolclass'] = NullPool
del options['pool_size']

解决后又会出现

sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError: Can't reconnect until invalid transaction is rolled back    
  • 失败

每次访问数据库重新生成 sqlalchemy 连接 ✔

    from xxx import SQLAlchemy    
from xxx import app
db = SQLAlchemy(app)

最粗暴但是最有效的解决方式,这个问题困扰了将近 3 周,emmm image.png


解决参考

Python阅读需 3 分钟